From birth to adolescence, there are significant shifts in normal vital signs, weight, and behavior. Recognizing that what is normal for an adult may be dangerously abnormal for an infant or child is essential. As a general rule, the older a patient is, the slower the respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) will be, and the higher the systolic blood pressure.

• Infancy (birth to 12 months)
  • During infancy, the heart rate is generally between 140 to 160 beats per minute, and the respiratory rate is between 30 to 50 breaths per minute after the first few minutes of life. The systolic blood pressure is typically around 70 mmHg at birth and gradually increases to 85 mmHg at one year. Infants are primarily nose-breathers until four weeks old, and their airways are more easily obstructed. Rapid respiratory rates lead to rapid heat and fluid loss.
• Toddler (12 to 36 months)
  • The heart rate during toddlerhood ranges from 80 to 130 beats per minute, and the respiratory rate is between 20 to 30 breaths per minute. The systolic blood pressure typically ranges from 85 mmHg to 105 mmHg, and the normal body temperature is between 98.6 F to 99.6 F.
• Pre-School Age (3-5)
  • The heart rate during the preschool age range is generally between 80 to 120 beats per minute, and the respiratory rate is between 20 to 30 breaths per minute. The systolic blood pressure typically ranges from 90 mmHg to 110 mmHg, and the normal body temperature is between 98.6 F to 99.6 F.
• School-age (6 to 12)
  • During school age, the heart rate is typically between 70 to 110 beats per minute, and the respiratory rate is between 20 to 30 breaths per minute. The systolic blood pressure typically ranges from 90 mmHg to 120 mmHg, and the normal body temperature is between 98.6 F to 99.6 F. Children in this age group begin to lose their primary "baby" teeth, and replacement with permanent teeth begins.
• Adolescence (13 to 18)
  • During adolescence, the heart rate is between 55 to 105 beats per minute, and the respiratory rate is between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. The systolic blood pressure typically ranges from 100 mmHg to 125 mmHg, and the normal body temperature averages around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Early Adulthood (20 to 40)
  • In early adulthood, the average heart rate is around 70 beats per minute, with a maximum normal of 100 beats per minute. The respiratory rate is between 16 to 20 breaths per minute, and the systolic blood pressure averages around 120 mmHg, with a maximum normal of 130 mmHg. The normal body temperature remains around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Middle Adulthood (41 to 60)
  • During middle adulthood, vital signs remain largely unchanged from early adulthood. However, cardiovascular health has become a significant concern, and cancer is most prevalent in this age group. Vision and hearing become less effective, and weight control becomes more difficult as metabolism and activity levels lower. Menopause occurs in women in their late forties to early fifties.
• Late Adulthood (61 and older)
  • For a healthy individual, normal vital signs are largely unchanged from middle adulthood. However, cardiovascular changes occur, including decreases in circulation efficiency, poor tolerance of tachycardia, and decreased functional blood volume. The respiratory system is also affected by the weakening of the chest wall, diminished gas exchange through the alveoli in the lungs, and diminished lung capacity. Other age-related changes may include a decrease in bone density, loss of muscle mass, and changes in vision and hearing. Older adults are at higher risk for falls and injury and may also experience cognitive changes such as memory loss or dementia. Healthcare providers must be aware of these age-related changes to provide appropriate care and treatment for older adults.